Barak or Bedan?

In 1 Samuel 12:11 Samuel lists several judges who had delivered Israel from its enemies. Among the judges, a number of English translations, including the King James Version, the American Standard Version, and the New American Standard Bible, list Bedan. Who is this Bedan who is not found in the book of Judges? The Revised Standard Version, New Revised Standard Version, English Standard Version, and the New International Version answer this question by reading Barak. They contain footnotes saying that Bedan is found in the Hebrew Masoretic text, while the name Barak is found in the Greek Septuagint and the Syria Peshitta. An examination of the Hebrew text shows that there has been a copying mistake here, probably due to a mistake of the eyes. Since the original Hebrew does not mark vowels (that was an invention of the Middle Ages when Hebrew students had forgotten how to speak and read Hebrew), the letters for Barak correspond to BRK and the letters for Bedan correspond to BDN. Those letters look quite different in English, but very similar in Hebrew. The letter for R in Hebrew is written ר while the letter for D is written ד. In the same way, the word final form of the letter K in Hebrew is written ך while the word final form of the letter for N is written ן. From this one can see how a person might misread Barak as Bedan. The original text would have read Barak, but due either to sloppy writing or lazy reading, a scribe copied down the name Bedan. The Masoretic scribes have faithfully copied the misspelling through the years.

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Last updated on April 29, 2025
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